Of particular interest to biblical scholars are Chapters 44–50, in which Ben Sira praises “men of renown, and our fathers in their generation”, starting from the antediluvian Enoch and continuing through to “Simon, the high priest, son of Onias” (300–270 BCE). Within this recitation, Ben Sira identifies, either directly or indirectly, each of the books of the Old Testament that would eventually become canonical, with the apparent exception of only Ezra, Daniel, Ruth, Esther, and perhaps Chronicles. The ability to date the composition of Sirach within a few years given the autobiographical hints of Ben Sira and his grandson (author of the introduction to the work) provides great insight regarding the historical development and evolution of the Jewish canon.
Joshua ben Sirach, or, according to the Greek text “Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem”, was a Jewish scribe who had been living in Jerusalem, may have authored the work in Alexandria, Egypt ca. 180–175 BCE, where he is thought to have established a school. Ben Sirach is unique among all Old Testament and Apocryphal writers in that he signed his work.
The Prologue, attributed to Ben Sira’s grandson and dated to 132 BCE, is generally considered the earliest witness to a canon of the books of the prophets. Thus the date of the text, has been the subject of intense scrutiny by biblical scholars.
Joshua ben Sirach’s grandson was in Egypt, translating and editing after the usurping Hasmonean line had definitively ousted Simon’s heirs in long struggles and was finally in control of the High Priesthood in Jerusalem. Comparing the Hebrew and Greek versions shows that he altered the prayer for Simon and broadened its application (“may He entrust to us his mercy”), in order to avoid having a work centered around praising God’s covenanted faithfulness that closed on an unanswered prayer.
The Greek translator states in his preface that he was the grandson of the author, and that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of “Euergetes”. This epithet was borne by only two of the Ptolemies. Of these, Ptolemy III Euergetes reigned only twenty-five years (247–222 BCE) and thus Ptolemy VIII Euergetes must be intended; he ascended the throne in the year 170 BCE, together with his brother Ptolemy VI Philometor, but he soon became sole ruler of Cyrene, and from 146 to 117 BCE held sway over all Egypt. He dated his reign from the year in which he received the crown (i.e., from 170 BCE). The translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE.
The translation into Greek is believed to have been done after 117 BCE
The “Book of ben Sirach” (ספר בן סירא, Sefer ben Siraʼ) was originally written in Hebrew, and was also known in Hebrew as the “Proverbs of ben Sirach” (משלי בן סירא, Mišley ben Siraʼ) or the “Wisdom of ben Sirach” (חכמת בן סירא, Ḥokhmat ben Siraʼ). The book was not accepted into the Hebrew Bible and the original Hebrew text was not preserved in the Jewish canon. However, various original Hebrew versions have since been recovered, including fragments recovered within the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Cairo Genizah, the latter of which includes fragments from six separate manuscripts.
The Greek translation was accepted in the Septuagint under the (abbreviated) name of the author: Sirakh (Σιραχ). Some Greek manuscripts give as the title the “Wisdom of Iēsous Son of Sirakh” or in short the “Wisdom of Sirakh”. The older Latin versions were based on the Septuagint, and simply transliterated the Greek title in Latin letters: Sirach. In the Vulgate the book is called Liber Iesu filii Sirach (“Book of Joshua Son of Sirach”).
