[ii] The expression closed system is a redundancy since a system is by definition closed and does not admit external disturbances. The struggle of modern thinkers such as Hegel and, in a way, Marx, to develop open systems, a contradiction in terms, is a testimony to the end of classical thought and concepts at the hand of modernity.
Archaeology, Philosophy, Science, Secularism, West
Notes on the Antikythera mechanism and modernity
By Sylvain Rey
